A typology to guide design and assessment of participatory farming research projects

Abstract Participatory modes of agricultural research have gained significant attention over the last 40 years. While many scholars and practitioners agree that engaging farmers other stakeholders is a valuable complement to traditional scientific research, there diversity in goals approaches used by participatory projects. Building on previous conceptual frameworks divergent farming (PFR), we propose an updated synthetic typology can be design, evaluate, distinguish PFR Key elements our include recognition multidimensionality projects reflect different combinations of: (a) or motivations behind (b) specific methods implement project, (c) social, institutional, biophysical contexts shape dynamics outcomes from PFR. We use this highlight how particular manifestations projects—ranging farmer advisory boards, on-farm demonstrations, researcher- versus farmer-led projects—combine goals, methods, distinctive ways. Proponents would benefit clarifying their work fits into extends multidimensional typology.